India faces a critical demographic turning point that threatens decades of economic growth. The Azim Premji University report warns that India's demographic bulge will stop expanding in four years, with the working-age population beginning to decline by 2030. Of 367 million young people aged 15-29, 263 million remain outside classrooms despite rising higher education enrollment. Young men particularly are abandoning education for work, with their enrollment falling from 14 percent pre-pandemic to 12 percent by late 2024, driven by family financial pressures. The shift reflects deeper economic challenges. Private sector investment, which fueled the 2003-08 boom and accounted for three-fourths of investment then, has collapsed to less than one-third by 2023-24. Over 200,000 companies shut down in five years through December 2025.
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