India stands at a critical juncture with artificial intelligence deployment. The technology itself is neutral, but institutional choices will determine whether AI becomes a prosperity engine or widens inequality. History shows that technological breakthroughs do not automatically create shared wealth. The Industrial Revolution took decades and required unionization, safety nets, and education before productivity gains benefited ordinary workers. India's AI challenge mirrors this pattern. The question is not whether India builds frontier AI models, but whether AI capability reaches farmers, health workers, small businesses, and students across the nation. Narrow diffusion to urban elites would concentrate gains, while broad deployment through digital infrastructure could raise productivity nationwide.
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